SKIN LAB | References

Acetyl Hexapeptide-3	[1] Ruiz Martínez, M. A., Clares Naveros, B., Morales Hernández, M. E., & Gallardo Lara, V. (2010). Evaluation of the anti-wrinkle efficacy of cosmetic formulations with an anti-aging peptide (Argireline®). [2] Wang, Y., Wang, M., Xiao, S., Pan, P., Li, P., & Huo, J. (2013). The anti-wrinkle efficacy of argireline, a synthetic hexapeptide, in Chinese subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. American journal of clinical dermatology, 14, 147-153.
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer	[3] Tai, A., Bianchini, R., & Jachowicz, J. (2014). Texture analysis of cosmetic/pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations. International journal of cosmetic science, 36(4), 291-304.
Alanine	[4] Wendisch, V. F. (Ed.). (2007). Amino acid biosynthesis–pathways, regulation and metabolic engineering (Vol. 5). Springer Science & Business Media. [5] Ścibisz, M., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2008). Hydrolysed proteins in cosmetics production. SÖFW-Journal Wydanie Polskie, 1(3), 13-22. [6] Bojarska, J. (2020). Amino acids and short peptides as anti-aging “Superfood”. Int. J. Nutr. Sci, 5(1), 1039.
Alcohol	[7] Kim, B., Cho, H. E., Moon, S. H., Ahn, H. J., Bae, S., Cho, H. D., & An, S. (2020). Transdermal delivery systems in cosmetics. Biomedical Dermatology, 4, 1-12.
Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice	[8] Surjushe, A., Vasani, R., & Saple, D. G. (2008). Aloe vera: a short review. Indian journal of dermatology, 53(4), 163. [9] Chithra, P., Sajithlal, G. B., & Chandrakasan, G. (1998). Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 181, 71-76. [10] Hutter, J. A., Salman, M., Stavinoha, W. B., Satsangi, N., Williams, R. F., Streeper, R. T., & Weintraub, S. T. (1996). Antiinflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from Aloe barbadensis. Journal of natural products, 59(5), 541-543. [11] West, D. P., & Zhu, Y. F. (2003). Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure. American Journal of infection control, 31(1), 40-42. [12] Herman, A., Herman, A. P., Domagalska, B. W., & Młynarczyk, A. (2013). Essential oils and herbal extracts as antimicrobial agents in cosmetic emulsion. Indian journal of microbiology, 53, 232-237.
Arginine	[5] Ścibisz, M., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2008). Hydrolysed proteins in cosmetics production. SÖFW-Journal Wydanie Polskie, 1(3), 13-22. [6] Bojarska, J. (2020). Amino acids and short peptides as anti-aging “Superfood”. Int. J. Nutr. Sci, 5(1), 1039. [13] Pinazo, A., Pérez, L., del Carmen Morán, M., & Pons, R. (2019). Arginine-based surfactants: synthesis, aggregation properties, and applications. In Biobased Surfactants (pp. 413-445). AOCS Press.
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Leaf Extract	[14] de Arriba, S. G., Naser, B., & Nolte, K. U. (2013). Risk assessment of free hydroquinone derived from Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi folium herbal preparations. International journal of toxicology, 32(6), 442-453.
Ascorbic Acid	[15] Telang, P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143. [16] Farris, P. K. (2014). Cosmeceutical vitamins: vitamin C. Cosmeceuticals E-Book: Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology Series, 37, 11-31.
Aspartic Acid	[6] Bojarska, J. (2020). Amino acids and short peptides as anti-aging “Superfood”. Int. J. Nutr. Sci, 5(1), 1039. [17] Ritz‐Timme, S., Laumeier, I., & Collins, M. J. (2003). Aspartic acid racemization: evidence for marked longevity of elastin in human skin. British Journal of Dermatology, 149(5), 951-959. [18] Gillbro, J. M., Merinville, E., Olsson, M., Al‐Bader, T., Klack, A., Visdal‐Johnsen, L., & Mavon, A. (2015). The use of gene arrays and corresponding connectivity mapping (Cmap) to identify novel anti‐ageing ingredients. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37, 9-14.
ATPv™️	[19] Chiang, B., Essick, E., Ehringer, W., Murphree, S., Hauck, M. A., Li, M., & Chien, S. (2007). Enhancing skin wound healing by direct delivery of intracellular adenosine triphosphate. The American journal of surgery, 193(2), 213-218. [20] Kazemzadeh-Narbat, M., Annabi, N., Tamayol, A., Oklu, R., Ghanem, A., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015). Adenosine-associated delivery systems. Journal of drug targeting, 23(7-8), 580-596. [21] Holzer, A. M., & Granstein, R. D. (2004). Role of extracellular adenosine triphosphate in human skin. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery: Incorporating Medical and Surgical Dermatology, 8, 90-96.
Bambusa Arundinacea Stem Extract	[22] Harshada V, Wasule D, Bobade R. Bamboo’s Extract for Rejuvenating Skin. International J of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR). 2019;4(7):2445-2631.
Beeswax	[23] Nong, Y., Maloh, J., Natarelli, N., Gunt, H. B., Tristani, E., & Sivamani, R. K. (2023). A review of the use of beeswax in skincare. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. [24] Kurek-Górecka, A., Górecki, M., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Balwierz, R., & Stojko, J. (2020). Bee products in dermatology and skin care. Molecules, 25(3), 556.
Butylene Glycol	[25] Kinnunen, T., & Koskela, M. (1991). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, and 1, 3-butylene glycol in vitro. Acta dermato-venereologica, 71(2), 148-150. [26] Aizawa, A., Ito, A., Masui, Y., & Ito, M. (2014). Case of allergic contact dermatitis due to 1, 3‐butylene glycol. The Journal of Dermatology, 41(9), 815-816. [27] Lane, M. E. (2013). Skin penetration enhancers. International journal of pharmaceutics, 447(1-2), 12-21.
Calophyllum Inophyllum Seed Oil	[28] Raharivelomanana, P., Ansel, J. L., Lupo, E., Mijouin, L., Guillot, S., Butaud, J. F., ... & Pichon, C. (2018). Tamanu oil and skin active properties: from traditional to modern cosmetic uses. Ocl-Oilseeds and Fats Crops and Lipids, 25(5).
Camellia Oleifera Seed Oil	[29] Chaiyana, W., Leelapornpisid, P., Jakmunee, J., & Korsamphan, C. (2018). Antioxidant and moisturizing effect of Camellia assamica seed oil and its development into microemulsion. Cosmetics, 5(3), 40. [30] Quan, W., Wang, A., Gao, C., & Li, C. (2022). Applications of Chinese Camellia oleifera and its by-products: A review. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 921246.
Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract	[31] Zink, A., & Traidl‐Hoffmann, C. (2015). Green tea in dermatology–myths and facts. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 13(8), 768-775. [32] Gianeti, M. D., Mercurio, D. G., & Maia Campos, P. M. (2013). The use of green tea extract in cosmetic formulations: not only an antioxidant active ingredient. Dermatologic therapy, 26(3), 267-271.
Cananga Odorata Flower Oil	[33] Tan, L. T. H., Lee, L. H., Yin, W. F., Chan, C. K., Abdul Kadir, H., Chan, K. G., & Goh, B. H. (2015). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and bioactivities of Cananga odorata (Ylang-Ylang). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015.
Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride	[34] de Souza Neto, A. V., Balla, D. Q., Candido, T. M., Rosado, C., Baby, A. R., & Pessoa, F. V. L. S. (2023). Effect of an Emollient Emulsion Containing 15.0% of Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride on the Urocanic Acid of the Stratum Corneum. Life, 13(4), 876. [35] Dobler, D., Schmidts, T., Wildenhain, S., Seewald, I., Merzhäuser, M., & Runkel, F. (2019). Impact of selected cosmetic ingredients on common microorganisms of healthy human skin. Cosmetics, 6(3), 45.
Capryloyl Salicylic Acid	[36] Oresajo, C., Yatskayer, M., & Hansenne, I. (2008). Clinical tolerance and efficacy of capryloyl salicylic acid peel compared to a glycolic acid peel in subjects with fine lines/wrinkles and hyperpigmented skin. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 7(4), 259-262.
Carbomer	[37] Tang, Z., Miao, Y., Zhao, J., Xiao, H., Zhang, M., Liu, K., ... & Wu, H. (2021). Mussel-inspired biocompatible polydopamine/carboxymethyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid adhesive hydrogels with UV-shielding capacity. Cellulose, 28, 1527-1540. [38] Goins, A., Ramaswamy, V., Dirr, E., Dulany, K., Irby, S., Webb, A., & Allen, J. (2017). Development of poly (1, 8 octanediol-co-citrate) and poly (acrylic acid) nanofibrous scaffolds for wound healing applications. Biomedical Materials, 13(1), 015002.
Carrageenan	[39] Valenta, C., & Schultz, K. (2004). Influence of carrageenan on the rheology and skin permeation of microemulsion formulations. Journal of controlled release, 95(2), 257-265. [40] Shafie, M. H., Kamal, M. L., Zulkiflee, F. F., Hasan, S., Uyup, N. H., Abdullah, S., ... & Zafarina, Z. (2022). Application of Carrageenan extract from red seaweed (Rhodophyta) in cosmetic products: A review. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 99(9), 100613. [41] Thevanayagam, H., Mohamed, S. M., & Chu, W. L. (2014). Assessment of UVB-photoprotective and antioxidative activities of carrageenan in keratinocytes. Journal of applied phycology, 26, 1813-1821.
Cassia Angustifolia Seed Polysaccharide	[42] Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-derived antioxidants: Significance in skin health and the ageing process. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(2), 585. [43] Kanlayavattanakul, M., & Lourith, N. (2015). Biopolysaccharides for skin hydrating cosmetics. Polysaccharides: Bioactivity and Biotechnology; Springer International Publishing: New York, NY, USA, 1867-1892.
Centella Asiatica Extract	"[44] Bylka, W., Znajdek-Awiżeń, P., Studzińska-Sroka, E., & Brzezińska, M. (2013). Centella asiatica in cosmetology. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 30(1), 46-49. [45] Bylka, W., Znajdek‐Awiżeń, P., Studzińska‐Sroka, E., Dańczak‐Pazdrowska, A., & Brzezińska, M. (2014). Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview. Phytotherapy research, 28(8), 1117-1124. [46] Ratz-Łyko, A., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2016). Moisturizing and antiinflammatory properties of cosmetic formulations containing Centella asiatica extract. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 78(1), 27."
Cetearyl Alcohol	[47] Terescenco, D., Picard, C., Clemenceau, F., Grisel, M., & Savary, G. (2018). Influence of the emollient structure on the properties of cosmetic emulsion containing lamellar liquid crystals. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 536, 10-19. [48] Mohiuddin, A. K. (2019). Skin care creams: formulation and use. Dermatol Clin Res, 5(1), 238-271.
Cetearyl Glucoside	[49] Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2013). Safety assessment of decyl glucoside and other alkyl glucosides as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 32(5_suppl), 22S-48S.
Cetyl Alcohol	[50] Fukushima, S., & Yamaguchi, M. (2001). Physical chemistry of cetyl alcohol: occurrence and function of liquid crystals in o/w creams. In Surface and Colloid Science (pp. 1-98). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Chondrus Crispus Extract	[51] Alkhalaf, M. I. (2021). Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Chondrus crispus species of red algae collected from the Red Sea along the shores of Jeddah city. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(1), 101210. [52] López-Hortas, L., Torres, M. D., Falqué, E., & Domínguez, H. (2022). Physicochemical Evaluation of Personal Care Products Developed with Chondrus crispus Fractions Processed by Ecofriendly Methodologies. Marine Drugs, 20(11), 695. [53] Bezerra, K. G. O., Rufino, R. D., Luna, J. M., & Sarubbo, L. A. (2018). Saponins and microbial biosurfactants: Potential raw materials for the formulation of cosmetics. Biotechnology progress, 34(6), 1482-1493. [54] Couteau, C., & Coiffard, L. (2016). Seaweed application in cosmetics. In Seaweed in health and disease prevention (pp. 423-441). Academic Press.
Citrus Aurantium (Petitgrain) Oil	[55] Terada, Y., Yamashita, R., Ihara, N., Yamazaki-Ito, T., Takahashi, Y., Masuda, H., ... & Watanabe, T. (2019). Human TRPA1 activation by terpenes derived from the essential oil of daidai, Citrus aurantium L. var. daidai Makino. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 83(9), 1721-1728. [56] Değirmenci, H., & Erkurt, H. (2020). Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. flowers. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(1), 58-67.
Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Peel Extract	[57] Burnett, C. L., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Heldreth, B. (2021). Safety Assessment of Citrus Peel-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 40(3_suppl), 77S-99S. [58] de Araújo, J. S. F., de Souza, E. L., Oliveira, J. R., Gomes, A. C. A., Kotzebue, L. R. V., da Silva Agostini, D. L., ... & Cavalcanti, M. T. (2020). Microencapsulation of sweet orange essential oil (Citrus aurantium var. dulcis) by liophylization using maltodextrin and maltodextrin/gelatin mixtures: Preparation, characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. International journal of biological macromolecules, 143, 991-999.
Citrus Medica Limonum (Lemon) Peel Extract	[59] Tang, W., Zhang, Z., Nie, D., Li, Y., Liu, S., & Li, Y. (2023). Protective Effect of Citrus Medica limonum Essential Oil against Escherichia coli K99-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury in Mice. Nutrients, 15(12), 2697. [60] Fisher, K., & Phillips, C. A. (2006). The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. Journal of applied microbiology, 101(6), 1232-1240. [61] Benedetto, N., Carlucci, V., Faraone, I., Lela, L., Ponticelli, M., Russo, D., ... & Milella, L. (2023). An Insight into Citrus medica Linn.: A Systematic Review on Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Plants, 12(12), 2267.
Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil	[62] Ishfaq, M., Akhtar, B., Muhammad, F., Sharif, A., Akhtar, M. F., Hamid, I., ... & Muhammad, H. (2021). Antioxidant and Wound healing potential of essential oil from Citrus reticulata peel and its chemical characterization. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 22(8), 1114-1121.
Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil	[63] Obidoa, O., Joshua, P. E., & Eze, N. J. (2010). Phytochemical analysis of Cocos nucifera L. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 3(2), 280-286.
Crithmum Maritimum Extract	[64] Politeo, O., Popović, M., Veršić Bratinčević, M., Kovačević, K., Urlić, B., & Generalić Mekinić, I. (2023). Chemical profiling of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) essential oils and their isolation residual waste-waters. Plants, 12(1), 214. [65] Lequeux, C., Lhoste, A., Rovere, M. R., Montastier, C., & Damour, O. (2011). Model of in vitro healing to test the influence of dedifferentiated Crithmum maritimum cells on dermal repair and epidermal regeneration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 24(2), 75-80.
Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract	[66] Sotiroudis, G., Melliou, E., Sotiroudis, T. G., & Chinou, I. (2010). Chemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three Greek cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivars. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 34, 61-78. [67] Sharma, V., Sharma, L., & Sandhu, K. S. (2020). Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Antioxidants in vegetables and nuts-Properties and health benefits, 333-340. [68] Sahu, T., & Sahu, J. (2015). Cucumis sativus (cucumber): A review on its pharmacological activity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research, 3(1), 04-09. [69] Ugwu, C., & Suru, S. (2021). Cosmetic, Culinary and Therapeutic Uses of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 39.
Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Water	[70] Belsito, M. D., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D., Marks Jr, J. G., & Ronald, C. (2012). Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.
Cymbopogon Schoenanthus Oil	[71] Hashim, G. M., Almasaudi, S. B., Azhar, E., Al Jaouni, S. K., & Harakeh, S. (2017). Biological activity of Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(7), 1458-1464.
Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate	[72] Trookman, N. S., Rizer, R. L., Ford, R., Ho, E., & Gotz, V. (2009). Immediate and long-term clinical benefits of a topical treatment for facial lines and wrinkles. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 2(3), 38. [73] Bhardwaj, V., Namkoong, J., Tartar, O., Diaz, I., Mao, J., & Wu, J. (2022). In vitro and ex vivo mechanistic understanding and clinical evidence of a novel anti-wrinkle technology in single-arm, monocentric, open-label observational studies. Cosmetics, 9(4), 80.
Equisetum Arvense Extract	[74] Pallag, A., Filip, G. A., Olteanu, D., Clichici, S., Baldea, I., Jurca, T., ... & Mureşan, M. (2018). Equisetum arvense L. extract induces antibacterial activity and modulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in endothelial vascular cells exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018. [75] Al-Snafi, A. E. (2017). The pharmacology of Equisetum arvense-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy, 7(2), 31-42.
Ethylhexyl Palmitate	[76] Vyumvuhore, R., Tfayli, A., Manfait, M., & Baillet‐Guffroy, A. (2014). Vibrational spectroscopy coupled to classical least square analysis, a new approach for determination of skin moisturizing agents' mechanisms. Skin Research and Technology, 20(3), 282-292. [77] CHANDLER, M., & O’LENICK, T. O. N. Y. (2019). Inverting the tables on emulsion sensory and performance. Household and Personal care Today, 14(2), 22-25.
Ethylhexylglycerin	[78] Aerts, O., Verhulst, L., & Goossens, A. (2016). Ethylhexylglycerin: a low‐risk, but highly relevant, sensitizer in ‘hypo‐allergenic’cosmetics. Contact Dermatitis, 74(5), 281-288. [79] Leschke, M. (2006). A multifunctional ingredient for leave on cosmetics. Cosmetic and Science Technology, 186-193. [80] Lawan, K., Kanlayavattanakul, M., & Lourith, N. (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of caprylyl glycol and ethylhexylglycerine in emulsion. Journal of Health Research, 23(1), 1-3.
Eugenia Caryophyllus (Clove) Bud Oil	[81] Han, X., & Parker, T. L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts. Pharmaceutical biology, 55(1), 1619–1622. [82] Guo, Y., Pizzol, R., Gabbanini, S., Baschieri, A., Amorati, R., & Valgimigli, L. (2021). Absolute antioxidant activity of five phenol-rich essential oils. Molecules, 26(17), 5237. [83] Oluwanisola, A. (2020). Phytochemicals and organic comstituents of eugenia caryophyllus. [84] Khalaf, N. A., Shakya, A. K., Al-Othman, A., El-Agbar, Z., & Farah, H. (2008). Antioxidant activity of some common plants. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32(1), 51-55.
Euphrasia Officinalis Extract	[85] Liu, Y., Hwang, E., Ngo, H. T., Perumalsamy, H., Kim, Y. J., Li, L., & Yi, T. H. (2018). Protective effects of Euphrasia officinalis extract against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(11), 3327. [86] Singh, H., Du, J., Singh, P., & Yi, T. H. (2018). Ecofriendly synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by Euphrasia officinalis leaf extract and its biomedical applications. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, 46(6), 1163-1170.
Ganoderma Lucidum (Mushroom) Extract	[87] Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J. A., & Benzie, I. F. (2012). Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): a medicinal mushroom. [88] Quereshi, S., Pandey, A. K., & Sandhu, S. S. (2010). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different Ganoderma lucidum extracts. J Sci Res, 3, 9-13. [89] Wu, Y., Choi, M. H., Li, J., Yang, H., & Shin, H. J. (2016). Mushroom cosmetics: the present and future. Cosmetics, 3(3), 22.
Geranium Maculatum Extract	[90] Lis-Balchin, M (1993). Geranium Oil. Int J of Aromatherapy 7(3), 18-20.
Glycerin	[91] Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Heldreth, B. (2019). Safety assessment of glycerin as used in cosmetics. International Journal of Toxicology, 38(3_suppl), 6S-22S.
Glycine	[5] Ścibisz, M., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2008). Hydrolysed proteins in cosmetics production. SÖFW-Journal Wydanie Polskie, 1(3), 13-22. [6] Bojarska, J. (2020). Amino acids and short peptides as anti-aging “Superfood”. Int. J. Nutr. Sci, 5(1), 1039. [92] de Paz-Lugo, P., Lupiáñez, J. A., & Meléndez-Hevia, E. (2018). High glycine concentration increases collagen synthesis by articular chondrocytes in vitro: acute glycine deficiency could be an important cause of osteoarthritis. Amino Acids, 50(10), 1357-1365. [93] Hashizume, O., Ohnishi, S., Mito, T., Shimizu, A., Ishikawa, K., Nakada, K., ... & Hayashi, J. I. (2015). Epigenetic regulation of the nuclear-coded GCAT and SHMT2 genes confers human age-associated mitochondrial respiration defects. Scientific reports, 5(1), 10434. [94] Ruiz-Ramírez, A., Ortiz-Balderas, E., Cardozo-Saldaña, G., Diaz-Diaz, E., & El-Hafidi, M. (2014). Glycine restores glutathione and protects against oxidative stress in vascular tissue from sucrose-fed rats. Clinical Science, 126(1), 19-29. [95] Sekhar, R. V., Patel, S. G., Guthikonda, A. P., Reid, M., Balasubramanyam, A., Taffet, G. E., & Jahoor, F. (2011). Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 94(3), 847-853.
Glyceryl Stearate	[96] Elder, R. L. (1982). Final report on the safety assessment of glyceryl stearate and glyceryl stearate/SE. J Am Coll Toxicol, 1(4), 169-192.
Glycolic Acid	[97] Babilas, P., Knie, U., & Abels, C. (2012). Cosmetic and dermatologic use of alpha hydroxy acids. JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 10(7), 488-491. [98] Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy–a current review. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 281-288. [99] Tung, R. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Vidimos, A. T., & Remzi, B. K. (2000). α-Hydroxy acid-based cosmetic procedures: Guidelines for patient management. American journal of clinical dermatology, 1, 81-88.
Glycolic Acid
Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract	[100] Nitalikar, M. M., Munde, K. C., Dhore, B. V., & Shikalgar, S. N. (2010). Studies of antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Int J Pharm Tech Res, 2(1), 899-901. [101] Kaur, R., Kaur, H., & Dhindsa, A. S. (2013). Glycyrrhiza glabra: a phytopharmacological review. International journal of pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 4(7), 2470.
Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Extract	[102] Wang, H., Provan, G. J., & Helliwell, K. (2003). Determination of hamamelitannin, catechins and gallic acid in witch hazel bark, twig and leaf by HPLC. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 33(4), 539-544. [103] Piazza, S., Martinelli, G., Magnavacca, A., Fumagalli, M., Pozzoli, C., Terno, M., ... & Sangiovanni, E. (2022). Unveiling the ability of witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) bark extract to impair keratinocyte inflammatory cascade typical of atopic eczema. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(16), 9279. [104] Abbas, T. F., Abbas, M. F., & Lafta, A. J. (2020). Antibacterial activity and medical properties of Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 23(11), 46.
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Rubus Idaeus (Raspberry) Seed Oil
Saccharum Officinarum (Sugarcane) Extract	[98] Sharad, J. (2013). Glycolic acid peel therapy–a current review. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 281-288. [201] Carvalho, M. J., Oliveira, A. L., Pedrosa, S. S., Pintado, M., & Madureira, A. R. (2021). Potential of sugarcane extracts as cosmetic and skincare ingredients. Industrial Crops and Products, 169, 113625. [202] Ali, S. E., Yuan, Q., Wang, S., & Farag, M. A. (2021). More than sweet: A phytochemical and pharmacological review of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Food Bioscience, 44, 101431. [203] Shank, P. D., Slaga, T. J., & Snyder, P. W. Safety Assessment of Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.
Salix Alba (Willow) Bark Extract	[205] Piątczak, E., Dybowska, M., Płuciennik, E., Kośla, K., Kolniak-Ostek, J., & Kalinowska-Lis, U. (2020). Identification and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves and bark of Salix alba (L.) and their biological potential. Biomolecules, 10(10), 1391. [206] Jeon, S., Yoon, S., Kim, Y., Shin, S., Ji, H., Cho, E., ... & Jung, E. (2023). The effect of Salix alba L. bark extract on dark circles in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Cosmetic Science.
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Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil	[108] Naik, A., Pechtold, L. A., Potts, R. O., & Guy, R. H. (1995). Mechanism of oleic acid-induced skin penetration enhancement in vivo in humans. Journal of controlled release, 37(3), 299-306. [121] Gad, H. A., Roberts, A., Hamzi, S. H., Gad, H. A., Touiss, I., Altyar, A. E., ... & Ashour, M. L. (2021). Jojoba Oil: An updated comprehensive review on chemistry, pharmaceutical uses, and toxicity. Polymers, 13(11), 1711. [200] Cardoso, C. R., Favoreto Jr, S., Oliveira, L. L. D., Vancim, J. O., Barban, G. B., Ferraz, D. B., & Silva, J. S. D. (2011). Oleic acid modulation of the immune response in wound healing: a new approach for skin repair. Immunobiology, 216(3), 409-415. [212] Abobatta, W. F. R., El Ghadban, E. A. E., & Mahmud, G. F. (2015). Chemical studies on grown jojoba oils under Egyptian conditions. Glob. J. Agric. Food Safety Sci, 2(3), 270-283. [213] Pavlou, P., Siamidi, A., Varvaresou, A., & Vlachou, M. (2021). Skin care formulations and lipid carriers as skin moisturizing agents. Cosmetics, 8(3), 89. [214] Manoharan, S., Vishnupriya, V., & Gayathri, R. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity of jojoba oil. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(6), 512.
Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate	[215] Ruamrak, C., N. Lourith, and S. Natakankitkul. "Comparison of clinical efficacies of sodium ascorbyl phosphate, retinol and their combination in acne treatment." International journal of cosmetic science 31.1 (2009): 41-46. [216] Elmore, A. R. (2005). Final report of the safety assessment of L-Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbate, Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Sodium Ascorbate, and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 24, 51-111. [217] Smaoui, S., & Hilima, H. B. (2013). Application of l-ascorbic acid and its derivatives (sodium ascorbyl phosphate and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate) in topical cosmetic formulations: stability studies. Journal of the chemical society of Pakistan, 35.
Sodium Benzoate	[218] Walczak-Nowicka, Ł. J., & Herbet, M. (2022). Sodium benzoate—Harmfulness and potential use in therapies for disorders related to the nervous system: A review. Nutrients, 14(7), 1497.
Sodium Carbomer	[219] Elder, R. L. (1982). Final report on the safety assessment of carbomers-934,-910,-934P,-940,-941, and-962. J Am Coll Toxicol, 1(2), 109-141.
Sodium Hydroxide	[220] Burnett, C. L., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., ... & Heldreth, B. (2021). Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 40(2_suppl), 16S-35S.
Sodium Lactate	[221] Tang, S. C., & Yang, J. H. (2018). Dual effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the skin. Molecules, 23(4), 863. [222] Haroun, M. T. (2003). Dry skin in the elderly. Geriatr Aging, 6(6), 41-4. [223] Ismail, R., Ahmad, S., & Malaysia, M. P. O. B. M. Skin Care Formulation Incorporating Sodium Lactates, Sodium PCA And Lauryl PCA: Comparative Moisturising Efficacy on Asian Skin. [224] Nadarzynski, A., Scholz, J., & Schröder, M. S. (2022). Skin Barrier Enhancing Alternative Preservation Strategy of O/W Emulsions by Water Activity Reduction with Natural Multifunctional Ingredients. Cosmetics, 9(3), 53.
Sodium PCA	[225] Andersen, F. A. (1999). Final safety assessment for PCA and sodium PCA. International Journal of Toxicology, 18(2_suppl), 25-34.
Squalane	[226] Huang, Z. R., Lin, Y. K., & Fang, J. Y. (2009). Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Molecules, 14(1), 540-554. [227] Yarkent, Ç., & Oncel, S. S. (2022). Recent progress in microalgal squalene production and its cosmetic application. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 27(3), 295-305.
Stearyl Alcohol	[228] Knowlton, J. L., & Pearce, S. E. (2013). Handbook of cosmetic science & technology. Elsevier, 634, 636, 694.
Taraxacum Officinale (Dandelion) Root Extract	[229] Yang, Y., & Li, S. (2015). Dandelion extracts protect human skin fibroblasts from UVB damage and cellular senescence. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2015. [230] Law, S., Lo, C., Han, J., Leung, A. W., & Xu, C. (2021). Traditional Chinese herbal,“dandelion” and its applications on skin-care. Traditional and Integrative Medicine.
Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate	[231] Pinto, D., Ciardiello, T., Franzoni, M., Pasini, F., Giuliani, G., & Rinaldi, F. (2021). Effect of commonly used cosmetic preservatives on skin resident microflora dynamics. Scientific reports, 11(1), 8695. [232] Ziosi, P., Manfredini, S., Vandini, A., Vertuani, S., & Fraternali, M. (2013). Caprylyl glycol/phenethyl alcohol blend for alternative preservation of cosmetics. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 128, 538-551. [233] Belsito, M. D., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks Jr, J. G., & Peterson, L. A. (2019). Safety Assessment of Beta-Alanine Diacetic Acid and Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate as Used in Cosmetics.
Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter	[234] Singh, M., Agarwal, S., & Agarwal, M. (2020). Benefits of Theobroma cacao and Its Phytocompounds as Cosmeceuticals. In Plant-derived Bioactives (pp. 509-521). Springer, Singapore.
Thioctic Acid	[235] Segall, A., Sosa, M., Alami, A., Enero, C., Hormaechea, F., Pizzorno, M. T., ... & Serrao, R. (2004). Stability study of lipoic acid in the presence of vitamins A and E in o/w emulsions for cosmetic application. Journal of cosmetic science, 55(5), 449-462. [236] Thiele, J., & Elsner, P. (Eds.). (2001). Oxidants and antioxidants in cutaneous biology (Vol. 29). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, 43-51.
Threonine	[5] Ścibisz, M., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2008). Hydrolysed proteins in cosmetics production. SÖFW-Journal Wydanie Polskie, 1(3), 13-22. [6] Bojarska, J. (2020). Amino acids and short peptides as anti-aging “Superfood”. Int. J. Nutr. Sci, 5(1), 1039. [118] Burnett, C. L., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2013). Safety assessment of α-amino acids as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 32(6_suppl), 41S-64S.
Tocopherol	[42] Michalak, M. (2022). Plant-derived antioxidants: Significance in skin health and the ageing process. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(2), 585. [237] Keen, M. A., & Hassan, I. (2016). Vitamin E in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 7(4), 311.
Tocopheryl Acetate	[238] Gerrish, K. E., & Gensler, H. L. (1993). Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by dietary vitamin E. [239] Wei, Y. S., Niu, Z. C., Wang, F. Q., Feng, K., Zong, M. H., & Wu, H. (2020). A novel Pickering emulsion system as the carrier of tocopheryl acetate for its application in cosmetics. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 109, 110503. [240] Nam, Y. S., Kim, J. W., Park, J., Shim, J., Lee, J. S., & Han, S. H. (2012). Tocopheryl acetate nanoemulsions stabilized with lipid–polymer hybrid emulsifiers for effective skin delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 94, 51-57. [241] van Henegouwen, G. M. B., Junginger, H. E., & de Vries, H. (1995). Hydrolysis of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) in the skin and its UV protecting activity (an in vivo study with the rat). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 29(1), 45-51.
Ubiquinone	[242] Saini, R. (2011). Coenzyme Q10: The essential nutrient. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 3(3), 466-467. [243] Ashida, Y., Yamanishi, H., Terada, T., Oota, N., Sekine, K., & Watabe, K. (2005). CoQ10 supplementation elevates the epidermal CoQ10 level in adult hairless mice. Biofactors, 25(1‐4), 175-178.
Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Fruit Extract	[244] Blumberg, J. B., Camesano, T. A., Cassidy, A., Kris-Etherton, P., Howell, A., Manach, C., ... & Vita, J. A. (2013). Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health. Advances in nutrition, 4(6), 618-632. [245] Côté, J., Caillet, S., Doyon, G., Sylvain, J. F., & Lacroix, M. (2010). Bioactive compounds in cranberries and their biological properties. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 50(7), 666-679. [246] J Johnson, B., Lin, B., & E Bongard, J. (2010). Genus vaccinium: medicine, cosmetics, and coatings. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 4(2), 112-124.
Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract	[246] J Johnson, B., Lin, B., & E Bongard, J. (2010). Genus vaccinium: medicine, cosmetics, and coatings. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 4(2), 112-124. [247] Bushway, R. J., Gann, D. M., Cook, W. P., & Bushway, A. A. (1983). Mineral and vitamin content of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Journal of Food Science, 48(6), 1878-1878. [248] Riihinen, K., Jaakola, L., Kärenlampi, S., & Hohtola, A. (2008). Organ-specific distribution of phenolic compounds in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and ‘northblue’blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium). Food chemistry, 110(1), 156-160. [249] Schmidt, B. M., Erdman Jr, J. W., & Lila, M. A. (2005). Effects of food processing on blueberry antiproliferation and antioxidant activity. Journal of food science, 70(6), s389-s394.
Valine	[5] Ścibisz, M., Arct, J., & Pytkowska, K. (2008). Hydrolysed proteins in cosmetics production. SÖFW-Journal Wydanie Polskie, 1(3), 13-22. [118] Burnett, C. L., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., ... & Andersen, F. A. (2013). Safety assessment of α-amino acids as used in cosmetics. International journal of toxicology, 32(6_suppl), 41S-64S.
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Xanthan Gum	[254] Furtado, I. F., Sydney, E. B., Rodrigues, S. A., & Sydney, A. C. (2022). Xanthan gum: Applications, challenges, and advantages of this asset of biotechnological origin. Biotechnology Research and Innovation Journal, 6(1), 0-0. [255] Petri, D. F. (2015). Xanthan gum: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(23).

Where science meets skincare.

See the research our team of scientists have compiled for our raw ingredients found in our ingredient glossary.